Ben-menachem Y, Kuroda K, Kyger E R, Brest A N, Copeland O P, Coan J D
Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975 Dec;125(4):881-9. doi: 10.2214/ajr.125.4.881.
Ture pulmonary varices are congenital local dilatations of a pulmonary vein or veins, with normal or collateral transpulmonary drainage into the left atrium. Pulmonary varices do not cause pulmonary venous hypertension, but existing varices can further become dilated by pulmonary venous hypertension due to mitral valve disease. Embryologically, pulmonary varices may represent residual primitive splanchnic venous components incorporated into the pulmonary venous system, or atresia of an individual pulmonary vein which occurred at a time that enable adoption of unobstructed transpulmonary collateral drainage into the left atrium. True pulmonary varices do not produce symptoms, do not change in diameter over the years, and, usually, do not require treatment.
真性肺静脉曲张是肺静脉的先天性局部扩张，肺静脉正常或经侧支引流至左心房。肺静脉曲张不会引起肺静脉高压，但由于二尖瓣疾病导致的肺静脉高压可使已存在的静脉曲张进一步扩张。从胚胎学角度来看，肺静脉曲张可能代表并入肺静脉系统的残留原始内脏静脉成分，或者是某条肺静脉在能够形成经肺的无梗阻侧支引流进入左心房时发生闭锁。真性肺静脉曲张不产生症状，多年来直径无变化，通常也无需治疗。
