Kehrer-Sawatzki Hildegard, Wilda Monika, Braun Veit M, Richter Hans-Peter, Hameister Horst
Department of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
Acta Neuropathol. 2002 Sep;104(3):231-40. doi: 10.1007/s00401-002-0552-6. Epub 2002 Jun 26.
Cavernous malformations are vascular anomalies that can cause severe neurological deficits, seizures and hemorrhagic stroke if these lesions are located in the brain. In patients with cavernomas, constitutional mutations of the KRIT1 gene have been identified. The pathogenetic mechanisms leading to cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) development are poorly understood. CCM development might be induced in utero owing to the underlying KRIT1 defect, and is triggered by environmental factors. Another model suggests that CCM develop according to the two-hit model of tumorigenesis associated with biallelic inactivation of KRIT1. So far, CCM specimens themselves have not been subjected to mutation analysis. We identified two somatic mutations in the cavernoma of a sporadic case, suggesting that pathogenesis is associated with somatic KRIT1 alterations. To gain a better understanding of the role of KRIT1 during morphogenesis, the main goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the spatio-temporal expression pattern of Krit1 and its interaction partner Rap1A during mouse embryogenesis. We did not observe enhanced expression of either gene in the heart or large vessels; however, their expression in the developing small vessels or capillaries could not be assessed by the methods applied. At early embryonic stages, Krit1 and, to a lesser extent, Rap1A are expressed in the developing nervous system. During later phases of fetal development, specific expression of both genes is observed in regions of ossification, the dermis, tendons and in the meninges. These findings provide evidence of differential Krit1 and Rap1A expression during mouse ontogenesis and suggest a more widespread functional significance of Krit1, not restricted to vascular endothelial cells.
海绵状血管畸形是一种血管异常,如果这些病变位于脑部,可导致严重的神经功能缺损、癫痫发作和出血性中风。在海绵状血管瘤患者中,已鉴定出KRIT1基因的体质性突变。导致脑海绵状血管畸形(CCM)发生的发病机制尚不清楚。由于潜在的KRIT1缺陷,CCM的发生可能在子宫内就被诱导,并由环境因素触发。另一种模型表明,CCM是根据与KRIT1双等位基因失活相关的肿瘤发生的双打击模型发展而来的。到目前为止,CCM标本本身尚未进行突变分析。我们在一例散发性病例的海绵状血管瘤中鉴定出两个体细胞突变,表明发病机制与体细胞KRIT1改变有关。为了更好地理解KRIT1在形态发生过程中的作用,本研究的主要目的是详细描述Krit1及其相互作用伙伴Rap1A在小鼠胚胎发育过程中的时空表达模式。我们没有观察到这两个基因在心脏或大血管中的表达增强;然而,应用的方法无法评估它们在发育中的小血管或毛细血管中的表达。在胚胎早期阶段,Krit1以及程度较轻的Rap1A在发育中的神经系统中表达。在胎儿发育的后期阶段,在骨化区域、真皮、肌腱和脑膜中观察到这两个基因的特异性表达。这些发现提供了Krit1和Rap1A在小鼠个体发育过程中差异表达的证据,并表明Krit1具有更广泛的功能意义,不限于血管内皮细胞。