Stenkamp Deborah L, Cameron David A
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
Mol Vis. 2002 Aug 8;8:280-93.
Like many structures in the central nervous system, the neural retina is highly organized at the cellular level. Examples of this cellular organization include the laminar profile of the vertebrate retina, the hexagonal array of ommatidia in the retinas of insects, and non-random two-dimensional patterns of specific vertebrate retinal neurons. These organized cellular ensembles are taxonomically robust, and their importance in visual processing is, although typically not well understood, virtually axiomatic. The presence of non-random cellular patterns in the retina also begs questions concerning the spatial nature of the patterns, and the underlying mechanisms that coordinate their assembly during retinal development and growth. What are the spatial characteristics of the non-random cellular patterns? What molecular signaling schemes might account for their assembly? What are good model systems for investigating these issues? In this review we attempt to provide some preliminary answers to these questions. We present recent advances in our understanding of cellular patterns in the vertebrate retina and the mechanisms that underlie their assembly, the ability of adult anamniote retinas to regenerate following injury, and how these seemingly disparate topics can be successfully merged into an effort to better understand both processes. We combine insights from retinal assembly mechanisms in Drosophila with empirical, quantitative, and theoretical investigations in vertebrates, to propose an inclusive model for retinal cell patterning.
与中枢神经系统中的许多结构一样，神经视网膜在细胞水平上高度有序。这种细胞组织的例子包括脊椎动物视网膜的分层结构、昆虫视网膜中小眼的六边形阵列，以及特定脊椎动物视网膜神经元的非随机二维模式。这些有组织的细胞集合在分类学上具有很强的稳定性，它们在视觉处理中的重要性虽然通常未被充分理解，但几乎是不言而喻的。视网膜中存在非随机细胞模式也引发了关于这些模式的空间性质以及在视网膜发育和生长过程中协调其组装的潜在机制的问题。非随机细胞模式的空间特征是什么？哪些分子信号机制可能解释它们的组装？哪些是研究这些问题的良好模型系统？在这篇综述中，我们试图为这些问题提供一些初步答案。我们介绍了我们对脊椎动物视网膜中细胞模式及其组装机制的最新理解进展、成年无羊膜动物视网膜损伤后再生的能力，以及如何将这些看似不同的主题成功整合，以更好地理解这两个过程。我们将果蝇视网膜组装机制的见解与对脊椎动物的实证、定量和理论研究相结合，提出了一个关于视网膜细胞模式形成的综合模型。
