Shields N, King L C
RECCEN Corporation.
Hum Perf Extrem Environ. 1998 Sep;3(1):145-9.
Because it is the human component that defines space mission success, careful planning is required to ensure that hardware can be operated and maintained by crews on-orbit. Several methods exist to allow researchers and designers to better predict how hardware designs will behave under the harsh environment of low Earth orbit, and whether designs incorporate the necessary features for Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) operability. Testing under conditions of simulated microgravity can occur during the design concept phase when verifying design operability, during mission training, or concurrently with on-orbit mission operations. The bulk of testing is focused on normal operations, but also includes evaluation of credible mission contingencies or "what would happen if" planning. The astronauts and cosmonauts who fly these space missions are well prepared and trained to survive and be productive in Earth's orbit. The engineers, designers, and training crews involved in space missions subject themselves to Earth based simulation techniques that also expose them to extreme environments. Aircraft falling ten thousand feet, alternating g-loads, underwater testing at 45 foot depth, enclosure in a vacuum chamber and subject to thermal extremes, each carries with it inherent risks to the humans preparing for space missions.
由于人类因素决定了太空任务的成功，因此需要精心规划，以确保硬件能够由在轨的宇航员进行操作和维护。有几种方法可以让研究人员和设计师更好地预测硬件设计在低地球轨道的恶劣环境下的表现，以及设计是否具备舱外活动（EVA）可操作性所需的必要特征。在验证设计可操作性的设计概念阶段、任务训练期间或与在轨任务操作同时进行时，可以在模拟微重力条件下进行测试。大部分测试集中在正常操作上，但也包括对可信任务突发事件或“如果……会怎样”计划的评估。执行这些太空任务的宇航员都经过了充分的准备和训练，以便在地球轨道上生存并高效工作。参与太空任务的工程师、设计师和训练人员会接受基于地球的模拟技术，这些技术也会让他们置身于极端环境中。飞机从一万英尺高空坠落、交替承受重力负荷、在45英尺深的水下进行测试、被封闭在真空室并承受极端温度，每一种都给准备执行太空任务的人员带来了固有的风险。
