Alatas S
Majalah Demografi Indones. 1988 Dec;15(30):83-101.
The system of cities in developing countries (which usually are ex-colonial countries) is commonly characterized by primate city domination. The presence of big cities are often felt as parasitic, rather than being economically constructive. Rapid population growth in big cities is often accompanied by 1) shortages of productive employment opportunities, urban housing, and public services; and 2) emergence of squatter settlements, environmental pollution, and sociopsychological stress. In 1985, the urban population of Indonesia had reached 43 million, or 26.2% of the total population. So far, the growth of Indonesia's urban population is concentrated in its metropolitan cities. Even though the pattern of primacy is not striking, a tendency exists for the city-size distribution to deviate more from rank-size rule distribution. Distorted patterns of spatial development have restricted the development of small and middle range cities. In the year 2000, the urban population of Indonesia is estimated to become more than twice its number in 1985. Therefore, national urban policies need to focus more on promoting the development of intermediate and small cities.
发展中国家（通常是前殖民地国家）的城市体系普遍以首位城市主导为特征。大城市的存在往往被视为具有寄生性，而非具有经济建设性。大城市人口的快速增长常常伴随着：1）生产性就业机会、城市住房和公共服务的短缺；2）棚户区的出现、环境污染以及社会心理压力。1985年，印度尼西亚的城市人口已达4300万，占总人口的26.2%。迄今为止，印度尼西亚城市人口的增长集中在其大城市。尽管首位度模式并不显著，但城市规模分布存在偏离位序 - 规模法则分布的趋势。空间发展模式的扭曲限制了中小城市的发展。预计到2000年，印度尼西亚的城市人口将超过1985年的两倍。因此，国家城市政策需要更多地侧重于促进中小城市的发展。
