Rosenwaike I, Hempstead K
Int Migr Rev. 1990 Winter;24(4):684-702.
"This study attempts to explain similarities and differences in the mortality experience of three population groups: Puerto Ricans on the island commonwealth, Puerto Rican born persons in New York City and Puerto Rican born persons in the rest of mainland United States. Mortality is much higher among Puerto Ricans in New York City than among those residing elsewhere. Much of the difference is due to excess mortality caused by cirrhosis of the liver and homicide. Puerto Rican born persons living on the mainland but outside New York City generally have low mortality, even when compared with U.S. whites."
波多黎各联邦岛屿上的波多黎各人、出生在纽约市的波多黎各人以及出生在美国大陆其他地区的波多黎各人。纽约市的波多黎各人死亡率远高于居住在其他地方的波多黎各人。这种差异很大程度上是由于肝硬化和杀人导致的超额死亡率。出生在大陆但不在纽约市的波多黎各人总体死亡率较低，即便与美国白人相比也是如此。
