Transendothelial transport: the vesicle controversy.

The relative contribution of transcytosis vs. large pore transport to the passage of macromolecules across microvascular endothelia has been a controversial issue for nearly half a century. To separate transcytosis from 'porous' transport, the transcytosis inhibitors N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and filipin have been tested in in situ or ex vivo perfused organs with highly conflicting results. In continually weighed isolated perfused organs, where measurements of pre- and post-capillary resistances, capillary pressure and capillary filtration coefficients can be repeatedly performed, high doses of NEM and filipin increased the bulk transport of macromolecules from blood to tissue, despite producing vasoconstriction. By contrast, in in situ perfused organs, marked reductions in the tissue uptake of albumin tracer have been observed after NEM and filipin. When tissue cooling has been employed as a means of inhibiting (active) transcytosis, results have invariably shown a low cooling sensitivity of albumin transport, compatible with passive transendothelial passage of albumin. This observation is further strengthened by the commonly observed dependence of albumin transport upon the capillary pressure and the rate of transcapillary convection. For low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a cooling-sensitive, non-selective transport component has been discovered, which may be represented by filtration through paracellular gaps, lateral diffusion through transendothelial channels formed by fused vesicles, or by transcytosis. From a physiological standpoint there is little evidence supporting active transendothelial transport of most plasma macromolecules. This seems to be supported by studies on caveolin-1-deficient mice lacking plasmalemmal vesicles (caveolae), in which there are no obvious abnormalities in the transendothelial transport of albumin, immunoglobulins or lipoproteins. Nevertheless, specific transport in peripheral capillaries of several hormones and other specific substances, similar to that existing across the blood-brain barrier, still remains as a possibility.