Wellisch D, Walz U
Eur Econ Rev. 1998;42(8):1,595-612.
"According to traditional trade theory (Heckscher-Ohlin), free trade and free migration are equivalent measures of economic integration leading both to an equalization of factor prices. This prediction is in sharp opposition to the observed preference of rich countries for free trade over free migration. We provide an explanation for this inconsistency: the redistribution policies in the countries. Social welfare in countries with a relatively small number of low-skilled native workers is higher with free trade than with free migration due to redistribution of income towards immigrating workers."
根据传统贸易理论（赫克歇尔 - 俄林理论），自由贸易和自由移民是经济一体化的等效措施，两者都会导致要素价格均等化。这一预测与富裕国家对自由贸易而非自由移民的明显偏好形成了鲜明对比。我们对这种不一致性给出了一种解释：各国的再分配政策。由于收入向移民工人的再分配，在低技能本国工人数量相对较少的国家，自由贸易下的社会福利高于自由移民下的社会福利。
