Campbell C, Lee J Z
Hist Fam. 1996;1(3):297-328. doi: 10.1016/s1081-602x(96)90026-3.
"Through a discrete-time life-event analysis of triennial household register data from a northeast Chinese village, Daoyi, between 1774 and 1873, we find that an individual's probability of dying, which we treat as an indicator of access to resources and the nature of household roles, was affected by the composition of their coresident kin.... Widows and widowers had higher mortality than the currently married. Orphans had higher mortality than children with at least one parent present. Reflecting the dependence of a wife's status on whether she had produced an heir for her husband, married women in young adulthood and middle age who had at least one son had substantially lower mortality than those without. Reflecting the strength of the claim that elderly males could make on household resources, children with coresident grandfathers had higher mortality than those without. Even though sons were supposed to be a form of old-age security, however, the death rate of the elderly was not reduced by the presence of sons and grandsons."
通过对中国东北一个村庄——道义村1774年至1873年间每三年一次的户籍数据进行离散时间生命事件分析，我们发现，个人的死亡概率（我们将其视为获取资源的指标以及家庭角色的性质）受到与其共同居住亲属构成的影响……寡妇和鳏夫的死亡率高于目前已婚者。孤儿的死亡率高于至少有一位父母在世的儿童。反映出妻子的地位取决于她是否为丈夫生育了继承人，成年早期和中年且至少有一个儿子的已婚女性的死亡率大幅低于没有儿子的女性。反映出老年男性对家庭资源主张的力度，与祖父共同居住的孩子的死亡率高于没有祖父的孩子。然而，尽管儿子被认为是一种养老保障形式，但有儿子和孙子并不能降低老年人的死亡率。
