White S B, Fane S A
Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Water Sci Technol. 2002;46(6-7):225-32.
This paper describes recent experience with integrated resource planning (IRP) and the application of least cost planning (LCP) for the evaluation of demand management strategies in urban water. Two Australian case studies, Sydney and Northern New South Wales (NSW) are used in illustration. LCP can determine the most cost effective means of providing water services or alternatively the cheapest forms of water conservation. LCP contrasts to a traditional approach of evaluation which looks only at means of increasing supply. Detailed investigation of water usage, known as end-use analysis, is required for LCP. End-use analysis allows both rigorous demand forecasting, and the development and evaluation of conservation strategies. Strategies include education campaigns, increasing water use efficiency and promoting wastewater reuse or rainwater tanks. The optimal mix of conservation strategies and conventional capacity expansion is identified based on levelised unit cost. IRP uses LCP in the iterative process, evaluating and assessing options, investing in selected options, measuring the results, and then re-evaluating options. Key to this process is the design of cost effective demand management programs. IRP however includes a range of parameters beyond least economic cost in the planning process and program designs, including uncertainty, benefit partitioning and implementation considerations.
本文介绍了近期综合资源规划（IRP）的经验以及应用成本最低规划（LCP）评估城市用水需求管理策略的情况。文中以澳大利亚的两个案例研究，即悉尼和新南威尔士州北部为例进行说明。成本最低规划可以确定提供供水服务的最具成本效益的方式，或者找出最经济的节水形式。成本最低规划与传统评估方法不同，传统方法只关注增加供水的方式。成本最低规划需要对用水情况进行详细调查，即所谓的终端用途分析。终端用途分析既有助于进行精确的需求预测，也有助于制定和评估节水策略。这些策略包括开展宣传活动、提高用水效率以及推广废水回用或雨水收集箱。根据平准化单位成本确定节水策略与传统产能扩张的最佳组合。综合资源规划在迭代过程中使用成本最低规划，评估和评估各种方案，对选定方案进行投资，衡量结果，然后重新评估方案。这一过程的关键是设计具有成本效益的需求管理方案。然而，综合资源规划在规划过程和方案设计中包括一系列超出最低经济成本的参数，包括不确定性、效益分配和实施考虑因素。
