Sinervo B, Svensson E
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
Heredity (Edinb). 2002 Nov;89(5):329-38. doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800148.
We review and discuss the importance of correlational selection (selection for optimal character combinations) in natural populations. If two or more traits subject to multivariate selection are heritable, correlational selection builds favourable genetic correlations through the formation of linkage disequilibrium at underlying loci governing the traits. However, linkage disequilibria built up by correlational selection are expected to decay rapidly (ie, within a few generations), unless correlational selection is strong and chronic. We argue that frequency-dependent biotic interactions that have 'Red Queen dynamics' (eg, host-parasite interactions, predator-prey relationships or intraspecific arms races) often fuel chronic correlational selection, which is strong enough to maintain adaptive genetic correlations of the kind we describe. We illustrate these processes and phenomena using empirical examples from various plant and animal systems, including our own recent work on the evolutionary dynamics of a heritable throat colour polymorphism in the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana. In particular, male and female colour morphs of side-blotched lizards cycle on five- and two-generation (year) timescales under the force of strong frequency-dependent selection. Each morph refines the other morph in a Red Queen dynamic. Strong correlational selection gradients among life history, immunological and morphological traits shape the genetic correlations of the side-blotched lizard polymorphism. We discuss the broader evolutionary consequences of the buildup of co-adapted trait complexes within species, such as the implications for speciation processes.
我们回顾并讨论了自然种群中相关选择（对最优性状组合的选择）的重要性。如果两个或更多受到多变量选择的性状是可遗传的，相关选择会通过在控制这些性状的潜在基因座上形成连锁不平衡来建立有利的遗传相关性。然而，除非相关选择强烈且持续存在，否则由相关选择建立的连锁不平衡预计会迅速衰减（即，在几代之内）。我们认为，具有“红皇后动态”的频率依赖性生物相互作用（例如，宿主 - 寄生虫相互作用、捕食者 - 猎物关系或种内军备竞赛）通常会引发持续的相关选择，这种选择足够强大，能够维持我们所描述的那种适应性遗传相关性。我们使用来自各种植物和动物系统的实证例子来说明这些过程和现象，包括我们自己最近关于侧斑蜥蜴（Uta stansburiana）可遗传喉部颜色多态性进化动态的研究。特别是，在强烈的频率依赖性选择作用下，侧斑蜥蜴的雄性和雌性颜色形态在五代和两代（年）的时间尺度上循环。每种形态在红皇后动态中对另一种形态进行优化。生活史、免疫和形态性状之间强烈的相关选择梯度塑造了侧斑蜥蜴多态性的遗传相关性。我们讨论了物种内共同适应性状复合体形成的更广泛进化后果，例如对物种形成过程的影响。
