A new stable focus of canine leishmaniasis in northern Italy.

A new stable focus of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) was identified in a coastal Adriatic area of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy. Following the first clinical cases observed starting from 1998, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out on owned dogs from two communes and on animals housed in dog pounds of the Rimini province. Sixteen out of 612 dogs (2.6%) resulted positive to the IFA test. The 16 positive dogs all came from the two communes, with seroprevalences of 3 and 6%, respectively. The autochthonous origin of the infection was confirmed in all the cases. The parasitological investigation led to the isolation and identification of the parasite as Leishmania infantum Zymodeme MON 1. An entomological survey showed that Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. perfiliewi are present in this area and that P. perfiliewi was very abundant in one collection site. The risk of the establishment of a permanent transmission of the infection in the area, previously considered CanL-free, must be analysed in view of further investigations to be extended also to neighbouring areas.