García-Madruga Juan A, Gutiérrez Francisco, Carriedo Nuria, Moreno Sergio, Johnson-Laird Philip N
Dpto. de Psicología Evolutiva, Facultad de Psicología, UNED, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Span J Psychol. 2002 Nov;5(2):125-40. doi: 10.1017/s1138741600005904.
We report research investigating the role of mental models in deduction. The first study deals with conjunctive inferences (from one conjunction and two conditional premises) and disjunctive inferences (from one disjunction and the same two conditionals). The second study examines reasoning from multiple conditionals such as: If e then b; If a then b; If b then c; What follows between a and c? The third study addresses reasoning from different sorts of conditional assertions, including conditionals based on if then, only if, and unless. The paper also presents research on figural effects in syllogistic reasoning, on the effects of structure and believability in reasoning from double conditionals, and on reasoning from factual, counterfactual, and semifactual conditionals. The findings of these studies support the model theory, pose some difficulties for rule theories, and show the influence on reasoning of the linguistic structure and the semantic content of problems.
我们报告了一项关于研究心智模型在演绎推理中作用的研究。第一项研究涉及合取推理（从一个合取命题和两个条件前提得出）和析取推理（从一个析取命题和相同的两个条件前提得出）。第二项研究考察了从多个条件命题进行的推理，例如：如果e那么b；如果a那么b；如果b那么c；a和c之间能得出什么结论？第三项研究探讨了从不同类型的条件断言进行的推理，包括基于“如果……那么……”、“只有……才……”和“除非”的条件命题。本文还展示了关于三段论推理中的图形效应、双条件命题推理中结构和可信度的影响，以及事实性、反事实性和半事实性条件命题推理的研究。这些研究结果支持了模型理论，给规则理论带来了一些困难，并显示了问题的语言结构和语义内容对推理的影响。
