Habron Geoffrey
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
Environ Manage. 2003 Jan;31(1):29-41. doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2763-y.
Recent findings in the Umpqua River Basin in southwestern Oregon illustrate a tension in the rise of both community-based and watershed-based approaches to aquatic resource management. While community-based institutions such as watershed councils offer relief from the government control landowners dislike, community-based approaches impinge on landowners' strong belief in independence and private property rights. Watershed councils do offer the local control landowners advocate; however, institutional success hinges on watershed councils' ability to reduce bureaucracy, foster productive discussion and understanding among stakeholders, and provide financial, technical, and coordination support. Yet, to accomplish these tasks current watershed councils rely on the fiscal and technical capital of the very governmental entities that landowners distrust. Adaptive management provides a basis for addressing the apparent tension by incorporating landowners' belief in environmental resilience and acceptance of experimentation that rejects "one size fits all solutions." Therefore community-based adaptive watershed management provides watershed councils a framework that balances landowners' independence and fear of government intrusion, acknowledges the benefits of community cooperation through watershed councils, and enables ecological assessment of landowner-preferred practices. Community-based adaptive management integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes by providing landowners the flexibility to use a diverse set of conservation practices to achieve desired ecological outcomes, instead of imposing regulations or specific practices.
俄勒冈州西南部厄姆普夸河流域的最新研究结果表明，在基于社区和基于流域的水资源管理方法兴起过程中存在一种紧张关系。虽然诸如流域委员会这样的社区机构缓解了土地所有者所不喜欢的政府控制，但基于社区的方法却侵犯了土地所有者对独立和私有产权的坚定信念。流域委员会确实提供了土地所有者所倡导的地方控制权；然而，机构的成功取决于流域委员会减少官僚作风、促进利益相关者之间富有成效的讨论和理解，以及提供财政、技术和协调支持的能力。然而，为了完成这些任务，目前的流域委员会依赖于土地所有者不信任的政府实体的财政和技术资本。适应性管理通过纳入土地所有者对环境恢复力的信念以及对拒绝“一刀切”解决方案的试验的接受，为解决这种明显的紧张关系提供了一个基础。因此，基于社区的适应性流域管理为流域委员会提供了一个框架，该框架平衡了土地所有者的独立性和对政府干预的担忧，承认通过流域委员会进行社区合作的好处，并能够对土地所有者偏好的做法进行生态评估。基于社区的适应性管理将社会和生态适宜性结合起来，通过为土地所有者提供灵活使用各种保护措施以实现预期生态成果的权利，而不是强加法规或特定措施，来实现保护成果。
