Lee John D, McGehee Daniel V, Brown Timothy L, Reyes Michelle L
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA.
Hum Factors. 2002 Summer;44(2):314-34. doi: 10.1518/0018720024497844.
Rear-end collisions account for almost 30% of automotive crashes. Rear-end collision avoidance systems (RECASs) may offer a promising approach to help drivers avoid these crashes. Two experiments performed using a high-fidelity motion-based driving simulator examined driver responses to evaluate the efficacy of a RECAS. The first experiment showed that early warnings helped distracted drivers react more quickly--and thereby avoid more collisions--than did late warnings or no warnings. Compared with the no-warning condition, an early RECAS warning reduced the number of collisions by 80.7%. Assuming collision severity is proportional to kinetic energy, the early warning reduced collision severity by 96.5%. In contrast, the late warning reduced collisions by 50.0% and the corresponding severity by 87.5%. The second experiment showed that RECAS benefits even undistracted drivers. Analysis of the braking process showed that warnings provide a potential safety benefit by reducing the time required for drivers to release the accelerator. Warnings do not, however, speed application of the brake, increase maximum deceleration, or affect mean deceleration. These results provide the basis for a computational model of driver performance that was used to extrapolate the findings and identify the most promising parameter settings. Potential applications of these results include methods for evaluating collision warning systems, algorithm design guidance, and driver performance model input.
追尾碰撞事故几乎占汽车碰撞事故的30%。追尾碰撞避免系统（RECASs）可能提供一种很有前景的方法来帮助驾驶员避免此类碰撞事故。使用基于高保真运动的驾驶模拟器进行的两项实验研究了驾驶员的反应，以评估RECAS的有效性。第一个实验表明，与延迟警告或无警告相比，早期警告能帮助注意力分散的驾驶员更快做出反应，从而避免更多碰撞。与无警告情况相比，早期RECAS警告使碰撞次数减少了80.7%。假设碰撞严重程度与动能成正比，早期警告使碰撞严重程度降低了96.5%。相比之下，延迟警告使碰撞次数减少了50.0%，相应的严重程度降低了87.5%。第二个实验表明，RECAS对未分心的驾驶员也有益处。对制动过程的分析表明，警告通过减少驾驶员松开油门所需的时间提供了潜在的安全益处。然而，警告并不会加快刹车的应用速度、增加最大减速度或影响平均减速度。这些结果为驾驶员性能计算模型提供了基础，该模型用于推断研究结果并确定最有前景的参数设置。这些结果的潜在应用包括评估碰撞警告系统的方法、算法设计指导和驾驶员性能模型输入。
