Piquero Alex R, Gibson Chris L, Tibbetts Stephen G
University of Florida, Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, Gainesville 32611-5950, USA.
Crim Behav Ment Health. 2002;12(2):135-54. doi: 10.1002/cbm.492.
Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory that there is an underlying factor accounting for all sorts of antisocial behaviour has attracted widespread theoretical and empirical attention. One of their most controversial statements is a 'generality' hypothesis, a notion that criminal, deviant and reckless acts are highly correlated because they are caused by individual differences in self-control. In this paper, we examine the extent to which self-control accounts for the relationship between two behaviours: binge drinking and involvement in alcohol-related behaviours, including criminal behaviour.
Questionnaires were given to students at a southern US university. A final sample of 241 students (35% males, 91% whites, aged 17-40). One question concerned binge-drinking, 11 others related to other alcohol-related behaviour; a 24-item scale measured self-control and sex was recorded. A probit model was used to test the effect of low self-control on binge drinking and on other alcohol-related behaviours. It was found that self-control exhibits a positive effect on both. But binge drinking and other alcohol-related behaviours are correlated, so a further analysis using a bivariate probit model was undertaken using a naïve model (no covariates), an unconstrained model (allowing self-control to exert a unique effect on both outcomes), and a constrained model forcing self-control to be the same for both outcomes.
Our results suggest that while low self-control is a significant predictor of both binge drinking and alcohol-related problems, it does not fully account for the relationship between the two outcomes. In addition, separate estimation for each sex reveal a substantively different pattern of results.
Further research is needed to disentangle the differences between the sexes. Situational factors, especially in males, may account for adverse alcohol-related behaviours. Other measures of self-control are also needed.
戈特弗雷德森和赫希提出的理论认为，存在一个潜在因素可以解释各种反社会行为，这一理论引起了广泛的理论和实证关注。他们最具争议的观点之一是“普遍性”假设，即犯罪、越轨和鲁莽行为高度相关，因为它们是由自我控制方面的个体差异所导致的。在本文中，我们研究了自我控制在多大程度上能够解释两种行为之间的关系：酗酒以及参与与酒精相关的行为，包括犯罪行为。
我们向美国南部一所大学的学生发放了问卷。最终样本为241名学生（35%为男性，91%为白人，年龄在17至40岁之间）。一个问题涉及酗酒，其他11个问题与其他与酒精相关的行为有关；一个包含24个项目的量表用于测量自我控制，并记录性别。我们使用了一个概率单位模型来检验低自我控制对酗酒以及其他与酒精相关行为的影响。结果发现，自我控制对这两者都呈现出积极影响。但酗酒和其他与酒精相关的行为是相关的，因此我们使用一个二元概率单位模型进行了进一步分析，该模型采用了一个简单模型（无协变量）、一个无约束模型（允许自我控制对两个结果产生独特影响）以及一个约束模型，该模型迫使自我控制对两个结果相同。
我们的结果表明，虽然低自我控制是酗酒和与酒精相关问题的一个重要预测因素，但它并不能完全解释这两个结果之间的关系。此外，对每个性别的单独估计显示出结果模式存在实质性差异。
需要进一步研究以厘清性别差异。情境因素，尤其是在男性中，可能是与酒精相关的不良行为的原因。还需要其他自我控制的测量方法。
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