Mapping cholesteryl ester analogue uptake and intracellular flow in Paramecium by confocal fluorescence microscopy.

In Paramecium primaurelia the uptake and intracellular flow of cholesteryl ester was studied by fluorescence confocal laser scanning optical microscopy and by the fluorescent analogue cholesteryl-BODIPY FL C12 (BODIPY-CE). The BODIPY FL fluorophore has the characteristic of emitting green fluorescence, which is red-shifted as the probe concentrates. In cells incubated with 25 microm BODIPY-CE for 30 s, fluorescence is found in vesicles located around the cytopharynx in the posterior half of the cell. Successively, the lipid is internalized by food vacuoles, the fluorescent vesicles are distributed throughout the cell and the intracellular membranes are labelled. The food vacuole number is maximum after 10-15 min of continuous labelling, then it decreases until no food vacuoles are found in 30-min fed cells. BODIPY-CE accumulates in red-labelled cytoplasmic droplets located in the anterior half of the cell. When food vacuole formation is inhibited by trifluoperazine, fluorescence is found on cellular membranes and in small green-labelled vesicles at the apical pole. The inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis does not interfere in P. primaurelia with BODIPY-CE intracellular flow: intracellular membranes and storage droplets in the cell anterior part are dyed. Conversely, the use of sterol-binding drugs prevents the lipid accumulation in droplets, stopping the lipid within the cytoplasmic membranes. Furthermore, the cells treated with monensin and cytochalasin B show a labelling of the cellular membranes and lipid droplets, whereas NH4Cl reduces the lipid storage. Low temperature (4 degrees C) does not prevent the internalization of BODIPY-CE that, however, is localized at the cytoplasmic membrane level and does not accumulate in storage droplets. In addition, BODIPY-CE inhibits phagocytosis, as evidenced by comparing the kinetics of food vacuole formation of control cells, only fed with latex particles, with that of cells fed with latex particles and BODIPY-CE. In conclusion, this study points out that in P. primaurelia the cholesteryl ester enters the cell via food vacuoles and through the plasma membrane and, inside the cell, it alters cell functions.