Lappalainen Anu K, Kääpä Eeva, Lamminen Antti, Laitinen Outi M, Grönblad Mats
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002 Dec 15;27(24):2806-10. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200212150-00015.
An investigation of the visualization of experimental anular tears using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
To investigate how different kinds of experimentally induced anular tears can be visualized on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Because the outer part of the anulus is innervated, tears of this part of disc are considered one cause for lumbar back pain. Moreover, clinical and experimental studies suggest that anular injuries may lead to a progressive degeneration of the entire disc. In the human disc, vascularized anular tears associated with disc degeneration can be visualized with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, but acute peripheral anular injuries, probably caused by sudden trauma, have not been studied with this method.
Two adjacent lumbar discs in adult sheep (n = 11) were injured with a scalpel blade. The L2-L3 discs were injured superficially, whereas in the L3-L4 discs, the incision reached the nucleus pulposus (full-thickness injury). In seven animals, only a stab incision was made to the disc, and in four animals, a small fragment (5 x 2 x 3 mm) of anulus was cut and removed. The animals were killed 3 weeks (acute injury, n = 5) and 3 months (subacute injury, n = 6) after surgery. Five minutes before death, gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid was injected intravenously. After death, the whole lumbar spines were excised and 1.5-T high-field magnetic resonance imaging was immediately performed. Thereafter, the disc samples were examined histologically to determine the existence of blood capillaries.
In all injured discs, the injured area was macroscopically visible. Histologically, blood capillaries, lamellar destruction, and granulation tissue were clearly seen in every injured anulus. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed that the superficial injuries were only occasionally visible in magnetic resonance imaging (3 of 11), whereas the full-thickness injuries were visible in a majority of the discs (8 of 11). In magnetic resonance imaging, the size of the injury did not relate to the enhancement intensity. The subacute injuries, particularly the full-thickness injuries, were more often visualized than the acute ones.
Even though macroscopically visible and histologically evident, it was not always possible to demonstrate experimental anulus injuries by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. This experimental study shows that further research work is needed to develop more sensitive methods to detect peripheral, relatively small, but probably clinically important disc injuries.
