Stark Harold E
J Med Entomol. 2002 Nov;39(6):818-24. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.818.
Microtus californicus (Peale, 1848) were live trapped or retrapped 887 times, and fleas were collected over a 2.5-yr period in the San Francisco Watershed and Wildlife Refuge. Also, 179 M. californicus nests were collected monthly with observations to identify the environment of fleas. The ratio of the mean number of fleas per nest to the mean number collected on voles was 4.7:1 for Malaraeus telchinus (Rothschild, 1905), 13:1 for Hystrichopsylla occidentalis linsdalei Holland, 1957,9:1 for Atyphloceras multidentatus multidentatus (C. Fox, 1909), and 76:1 for Catallagia wymani (C. Fox, 1909). The proportion of each flea species per nest to those per host was not closely associated seasonally or spatially. The average nest contained 37.5% moisture content in relation to its total weight and ranged between 3 and 92%. No relationship was observed between relative humidity of air within nests and flea number, but a significant relationship existed between the moisture of nesting materials and flea number. Malaraeus telchinus and A. m. multidentatus were collected in greatest numbers from nests having 30-39% moisture content by weight, and H. o. linsdalei and C. wymani were most numerous in nests that had 40-49% moisture content. Catallagia wymani had the greatest tolerance for high moisture and was severely affected by lack of moisture and nearly absent in drier nests. No ectoparasites were collected from nests that had <12% moisture content, and nests with >50% moisture content had few fleas. A static concept of nest fleas and host fleas as suggested by averages and often used in literature is questionable. In seasonal comparison of populations of fleas on hosts and in nests, M. telchinus and H. o. linsdalei reversed so that more of the flea population was on the host than in the nest for a short time during fall.
加州田鼠（Microtus californicus，皮尔，1848年）被活体诱捕或再次诱捕了887次，并在旧金山流域和野生动物保护区的2.5年时间里收集跳蚤。此外，每月收集179个加州田鼠巢穴并进行观察，以确定跳蚤的生存环境。对于罗氏巨蚤（Malaraeus telchinus，罗斯柴尔德，1905年），每个巢穴中跳蚤的平均数量与在田鼠身上收集到的平均数量之比为4.7:1；对于西方多刺蚤林氏亚种（Hystrichopsylla occidentalis linsdalei，霍兰德，1957年），该比例为13:1；对于多齿无栉蚤多齿亚种（Atyphloceras multidentatus multidentatus，C. 福克斯，1909年），比例为9:1；对于怀氏卡氏蚤（Catallagia wymani，C. 福克斯，1909年），比例为76:1。每个巢穴中每种跳蚤的比例与宿主上的比例在季节或空间上没有密切关联。巢穴的平均含水量占其总重量的37.5%，范围在3%至92%之间。未观察到巢穴内空气相对湿度与跳蚤数量之间的关系，但筑巢材料的湿度与跳蚤数量之间存在显著关系。罗氏巨蚤和多齿无栉蚤多齿亚种在重量含水量为30% - 39%的巢穴中收集到的数量最多，西方多刺蚤林氏亚种和怀氏卡氏蚤在含水量为40% - 49%的巢穴中数量最多。怀氏卡氏蚤对高湿度的耐受性最强，受水分缺乏的影响严重，在较干燥的巢穴中几乎不存在。在含水量低于12%的巢穴中未收集到体外寄生虫，而含水量高于50%的巢穴中跳蚤数量很少。文献中经常使用的基于平均值的巢穴跳蚤和宿主跳蚤的静态概念值得怀疑。在宿主和巢穴上跳蚤种群的季节比较中，罗氏巨蚤和西方多刺蚤林氏亚种出现了反转，即在秋季的短时间内，宿主上的跳蚤种群比巢穴中的更多。
