Traditionally in the treatment of primary breast cancer, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) plays an important role. However, a substantial and increasing percentage of patients appear to have no nodal involvement and have been subjected to ALND unnecessarily. The first reason to perform an ALND is axillary nodal staging. After reviewing the literature, it can be concluded that in clinically node-negative patients an adequately conducted lymphatic mapping by sentinel node procedure is equal to ALND for this purpose. The second reason to perform an ALND is to establish the extent of nodal involvement, which might have an impact on adjuvant treatment recommendations. However, there is no evidence available that patients with extensive nodal involvement (= 4 positive nodes) benefit more from adjuvant systemic treatment (either standard or high dose) in terms of reduction of odds of recurrence and mortality compared to patients with limited nodal involvement and optimally administered so-called standard adjuvant treatment. The third reason to perform an ALND is to ensure axillary tumor control. Reviewing the different treatment options, it can be concluded that in clinically node-negative patients axillary control after axillary radiotherapy appears to be similar to axillary control after ALND. In clinically overt axillary involvement, ALND (with or without adjuvant radiotherapy) may result in an improved regional control. In the near future, ALND will not be the standard of care but will be reserved for those patients with proven axillary lymph node involvement. In microscopic disease, radiotherapy may be an alternative with equal control and less morbidity.