Abbott D H, Keverne E B, Bercovitch F B, Shively C A, Mendoza S P, Saltzman W, Snowdon C T, Ziegler T E, Banjevic M, Garland T, Sapolsky R M
Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison,WI 53706, USA.
Horm Behav. 2003 Jan;43(1):67-82. doi: 10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00037-5.
Among primate species there is pronounced variation in the relationship between social status and measures of stress physiology. An informal meta-analysis was designed to investigate the basis of this diversity across different primate societies. Species were included only if a substantial amount of published information was available regarding both social behavior and rank-related differences in stress physiology. Four Old World and three New World species met these criteria, including societies varying from small-group, singular cooperative breeders (common marmoset and cotton top tamarin) to large-troop, multi-male, multi-female polygynous mating systems (rhesus, cynomolgus, talapoin, squirrel monkeys, and olive baboon). A questionnaire was formulated to obtain information necessary to characterize the stress milieu for individuals in particular primate societies. We standardized cortisol values within each species by calculating the ratio of basal cortisol concentrations of subordinates to those of dominants in stable dominance hierarchies and expressing the ratio as a percentage (relative cortisol levels). The meta-analysis identified two variables that significantly predicted relative cortisol levels: subordinates exhibited higher relative cortisol levels when they (1). were subjected to higher rates of stressors, and (2). experienced decreased opportunities for social (including close kin) support. These findings have important implications for understanding the different physiological consequences of dominant and subordinate social status across primate societies and how social rank may differ in its behavioral and physiological manifestations among primate societies.
在灵长类物种中，社会地位与应激生理学指标之间的关系存在显著差异。我们设计了一项非正式的荟萃分析，以探究不同灵长类社会中这种差异的基础。只有在有大量已发表的关于社会行为和应激生理学中与等级相关差异的信息时，才纳入相关物种。四种旧世界灵长类物种和三种新世界灵长类物种符合这些标准，其中包括从小群体、单一合作繁殖者（普通狨猴和棉顶狨猴）到大型群体、多雄性、多雌性的一夫多妻制交配系统（恒河猴、食蟹猴、白眉猴、松鼠猴和橄榄狒狒）等不同的社会群体。我们制定了一份问卷，以获取描述特定灵长类社会中个体应激环境所需的信息。通过计算稳定等级制度中下属与优势个体的基础皮质醇浓度之比，并将该比值表示为百分比（相对皮质醇水平），我们对每个物种内的皮质醇值进行了标准化。荟萃分析确定了两个显著预测相对皮质醇水平的变量：当下属（1）面临更高频率的应激源，以及（2）获得的社会（包括近亲）支持机会减少时，它们表现出更高的相对皮质醇水平。这些发现对于理解灵长类社会中优势和从属社会地位的不同生理后果，以及社会等级在灵长类社会中的行为和生理表现可能存在的差异具有重要意义。
