Issi I V
Parazitologiia. 2002 Nov-Dec;36(6):478-92.
Three parasitic systems of Microsporidia are described: the system of monoxenic Vairimorpha mesnili with paraxenic hosts presented lepidopteran and hymenopteran species; the system of dixenic Amblyospora sp. with metaxenic hosts presented bloodsucking mosquitoes and crustaceans and the system of Metchnikovella sp. as parasite of other obligate parasite. The last case is characterized by very intimate interrelations between hyperparasite (microsporidian species), obligate parasite--host of Microsporidia (gregarine) and hyperhost--host of gregarine (polychaeta). This hyperparasite system is exclusive case of parasitic systems. Parasitic and hyperparasitic systems reflects a population level of host-parasite interactions. On biocenotic level many other organisms such as predators, vectors and reservators of invasion stages of Microsporidia affect parasitic systems giving a chance to one of the members of the system (to the host or to the parasite). These organisms form epiparasitic system. In all cases of the parasitic systems there are two-way communications between parasites and their hosts. In systems on biocenotic level--parasitic consortium--members of epiparasitic systems acts on parasitic systems, but members of parasitic systems don't affect epiparasitic systems.
单宿主系统，即梅氏瓦尔瑞孢虫（Vairimorpha mesnili）与类旁宿主系统，其类旁宿主包括鳞翅目和膜翅目物种；双宿主系统，即安氏孢虫（Amblyospora sp.）与偏旁宿主系统，其偏旁宿主包括吸血蚊虫和甲壳类动物；以及梅氏孢虫属（Metchnikovella sp.）作为其他专性寄生虫的寄生虫系统。最后一种情况的特点是超寄生虫（微孢子虫物种）、专性寄生虫——微孢子虫的宿主（簇虫）和超宿主——簇虫的宿主（多毛纲动物）之间存在非常密切的相互关系。这种超寄生虫系统是寄生系统中的特殊情况。寄生和超寄生系统反映了宿主 - 寄生虫相互作用的种群水平。在生物群落水平上，许多其他生物，如微孢子虫入侵阶段的捕食者、传播媒介和储存宿主，会影响寄生系统，为系统中的一方（宿主或寄生虫）提供机会。这些生物形成了重寄生系统。在所有寄生系统的情况下，寄生虫与其宿主之间都存在双向交流。在生物群落水平的系统——寄生联合体中，重寄生系统的成员作用于寄生系统，但寄生系统的成员不会影响重寄生系统。
