1. Board Certification System of Psychiatry There was a heated debate about "Postgraduate Psychiatric Education and Board Certification of Psychiatry" in the annual meeting for the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology held in Nagasaki in 1968 and in Kanazawa in 1969. The oppositions of young psychiatrists were as follows; 1) Issues of low cost of medical expense as government politics, social protect politics from psychiatric patients, and improper management of patients in mental hospitals should be dealt before making Board Certification System of Psychiatry. 2) Management of the Society of Psychiatry and Neurology dissatisfies many psychiatrists. Board Certification Systems started in many medical societies from 1969 to 1987. Main nine departments except psychiatry started the system. In 1987, the Japan Association of Chairmen of Department of Psychiatry of Medical Colleges (JACDPM) proposed a program for a postgraduate course. The Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology (JSPN) formed the Committee on Psychiatric Education in 1987 and Working Group on Accreditation Program (WGAP) in 1991 under the Committee of Psychiatric Education. After intensive discussions on the Board certification, the WGAP reported a summary of their discussions in 1994. The essence of the WGAP recommended model for the Board of Association was as follows: Minimal Requirements Outline Training Period--three years psychiatric training after two years primary care experience by rotation through other departments. Field of Training--WGAP recommended that post-graduate training should be given at different kinds of institutes such as the department of psychiatry in medical schools, mental hospitals, out-patient mental clinics, community experiences in rehabilitation, day care, social clubs and health centers. Assessment--both oral examination and case reports are requested for evaluation and board certification. Re-evaluation every five years is required. However, there have been the following opinions and the Board Certification System has not been realized. 1) Making improvement in mental hospital is more important than starting Post-graduate Training and Organization for Board Certification of Psychiatry System (PTOBCP). 2) Starting PTOBCP makes professors in department of psychiatry in medical colleges give great power to suppress the right of personal management. 3) Financial support for postgraduate trainee and trainer is insufficient. Medical and psychiatric situations have changed from 2001 to 2002. 1) A neutral organization instead of academic societies will make Board Certification System in each department in the future. 2) Postgraduate educational rotation system (two years) will start in 2004. 3) Advertisement of being certificated by the Board has been possible. In recent situation, necessity for making of PTOBCP is increasing and many members of JSPN long to make it. In the 98th annual meeting, 2002 it was decided to make PTOBCP. 2. Post-graduate mandatory education system including psychiatry Recently, it was legally decided that post-graduate education for two years should be mandatory for every medical doctor who has passed a national board from 2004. Furthermore, psychiatric training should be mandatory for every rotating resident. The period of psychiatric training is one, two or three months, which depends upon each teaching hospital. It is epoch-making that every resident should receive psychiatric training, however, in other words, it means that psychiatric education in Japan will be re-evaluated through such a new training system.