Smith E E, Haviland S E, Reder L M, Brownell H
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1976 May;2(2):151-61. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.2.2.151.
There is a conflict in the literature on selective attention. Suppose a subject is briefly presented an item followed by a multiple-alternative recognition test. If the items are pictures, the subject's performance is facilitated by presenting the alternatives beforehand (a before facilitation), but when the items are letters the subjects' performance is disrupted by presenting the alternatives beforehand (a before disruption). Five experiments were conducted to resolve this conflict, and all involved a comparison of tachistoscopic recognition when alternatives were either presented beforehand or not. The first two studies showed that the before disruption with letters was not due to certain task parameters. Experiments 3-5 demonstrated that this effect was due to masking conditions. Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that the disruption occurred only when a mask is used, while the last experiment indicated the disruption effect was sensitive to the type of mask employed. Preseumably, the before disrption arises because a subject erroneously considers the features of a mask along with those of the test item in arriving at a perceptual decision.
关于选择性注意的文献存在冲突。假设向受试者短暂呈现一个项目，随后进行多项选择识别测试。如果项目是图片，提前呈现备选项目会促进受试者的表现（提前促进），但当项目是字母时，提前呈现备选项目会干扰受试者的表现（提前干扰）。进行了五项实验来解决这一冲突，所有实验都涉及比较在提前呈现或不呈现备选项目时的速示识别情况。前两项研究表明，字母的提前干扰并非由于某些任务参数。实验3 - 5证明这种效应是由于掩蔽条件。实验3和4表明，只有在使用掩蔽时才会出现干扰，而最后一项实验表明干扰效应对所采用的掩蔽类型敏感。据推测，提前干扰的出现是因为受试者在做出感知决策时错误地将掩蔽的特征与测试项目的特征一起考虑了。
