Kenway Richard
Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2002 Jun 15;360(1795):1123-34. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2002.0989.
In the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, quarks are permanently confined by the strong interaction into bound states called hadrons. The values of some parameters, such as the quark masses and the strengths of the decays of one quark flavour into another, cannot be measured directly and must be deduced from experiments on hadrons. This requires calculations of the strong-interaction effects within the bound states, which are only possible using numerical simulations of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the quantum field theory of the strong interaction. In conjunction with experimental data from B factories over the next few years, QCD simulations may provide clues to physics beyond the SM. The simulations are computationally intensive and, for the past 20 years, have exploited leading-edge computing technology. This continues today, with a project to develop a 10 Tflops computer for QCD costing less than 1 US dollar per Mflops.
在粒子物理学的标准模型（SM）中，夸克被强相互作用永久地束缚在称为强子的束缚态中。一些参数的值，如夸克质量以及一种夸克味衰变为另一种夸克味的强度，无法直接测量，必须从强子实验中推导出来。这需要计算束缚态中的强相互作用效应，而这只有通过量子色动力学（QCD）的数值模拟才有可能实现，QCD是强相互作用的量子场论。在未来几年与B工厂的实验数据相结合的情况下，QCD模拟可能会为标准模型之外的物理学提供线索。这些模拟计算量很大，在过去20年里，一直采用前沿计算技术。如今仍是如此，有一个项目正在开发一台用于QCD的10万亿次浮点运算计算机，其每百万次浮点运算成本低于1美元。
