Bony anomalies of the craniocervical junction.

A review of the literature on bony anomalies of the craniovertebral junction was carried out with emphasis on anomalous manifestations associated with the occipital bone, atlas and axis vertebrae. A summary of the evolution and normal development of the above bony structures and the embryological structures contributing to the bony anomalies is presented. In addition the diagnostic measurements used for the diagnosis of the bony anomalies of the craniocervical junction and their clinical presentation were summarised. This review was prepared with the aim of providing reference material for neurosurgeons and radiologists.