Shamraĭ S N
Department of Mycology and Phytoimmunology, Kharkiv National University, 4, Svobody sq., Kharkiv, 61077 Ukraine.
Zh Obshch Biol. 2003 May-Jun;64(3):195-214.
Remarkable progress is achieved now in comprehension of mechanisms that determine functioning of genes responsible for plants' phytopathogenic resistance (genes R). Cloning of great number of Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones resistance genes show that most of proteins coded by these genes have conserved amino-acid motives, which show high homology to amino-acid motives of proteins with well-designated function. Common structures for most proteins produced by genes R include nucleotide-blinding site (NBS), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), site containing homology with the cytoplasmic domains of the Drosophila Toll protein and the mammalian interleukin-1 receptor (TIR), coiled-coil structure (CC), transmembrane domain (TM), and serine/threonine proteinkinase domain (PK). They are combined within the basic classes of resistance genes proteins as follows: TIR-NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-LLRR, NBS-LRR, PK, TM-CC, LRR-TM, LRR-TM-PK. The domains of proteins produced by plant resistance genes cause specific recognition of avirulence genes products and activate signaling cascade, which gives rise to resistance reaction. Some classes of plant resistance genes probably have the same evolutionary origin as the genes that control the innate immunity of ancient animals. The evolution of plant R genes proceeds primarily by duplication and equal or unequal meiotic recombination. The research on genes R functioning besides its theoretical value is a matter of considerable practical interest for construction of plant genotypes resistant against harmful organisms. The progress in comprehension of mechanisms responsible for specificity of avirulence determinants in phytopathogenic organisms recognition makes possible the creation of artificial resistance genes.
目前，在理解决定植物抗植物病原体抗性的基因（R基因）功能的机制方面已取得显著进展。大量单子叶植物和双子叶植物抗性基因的克隆表明，这些基因编码的大多数蛋白质具有保守的氨基酸基序，与具有明确功能的蛋白质的氨基酸基序具有高度同源性。R基因产生的大多数蛋白质的常见结构包括核苷酸结合位点（NBS）、富含亮氨酸重复序列（LRR）、与果蝇Toll蛋白和哺乳动物白细胞介素-1受体（TIR）的细胞质结构域具有同源性的结构域、卷曲螺旋结构（CC）、跨膜结构域（TM）和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶结构域（PK）。它们在抗性基因蛋白质的基本类别中组合如下：TIR-NBS-LRR、CC-NBS-LLRR、NBS-LRR、PK、TM-CC、LRR-TM、LRR-TM-PK。植物抗性基因产生的蛋白质结构域导致对无毒基因产物的特异性识别并激活信号级联反应，从而引发抗性反应。某些类别的植物抗性基因可能与控制古代动物先天免疫的基因具有相同的进化起源。植物R基因的进化主要通过复制以及减数分裂的均等或不均等重组进行。对R基因功能的研究除了具有理论价值外，对于构建抗有害生物的植物基因型也具有相当大的实际意义。在理解植物病原体识别中无毒决定因素特异性的机制方面取得的进展使得人工抗性基因的创造成为可能。
