Prevention of the development and progression of renal disease.

Prevention of the major causes of ESRD, hypertension, and diabetes, is possible. Careful glycemic control can prevent diabetes nephropathy. BP control can likely prevent the large majority of hypertensive renal disease. Testing for diabetic renal disease is well founded. In contrast, screening for hypertensive kidney disease is less well defined. Most established renal disease can be treated with glycemic control in the case of diabetes, BP treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and dietary protein restriction. Other therapeutic targets have been proposed, but are not well established. Future research should focus on defining the high risk patients, developing better markers of risk, and designing additional therapies.