Ostroumov Sergei A
Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
Riv Biol. 2003 Jan-Apr;96(1):159-69.
The currently accepted system of criteria for evaluating environmental and ecological hazards of man-made chemicals (pollutants) is vulnerable to criticism. In this paper, a new concept of the system of approaches towards criteria for evaluating the ecological hazard from man-made impact is proposed. It is suggested to assess the man-made impacts (including effects of pollutants and xenobiotics) on the biota according to the following four levels of disturbance in biological and ecological systems: (1) the level of individual responses; (2) the level of aggregated responses of groups of organisms; (3) the level of stability and integrity of the ecosystem; (4) the level of contributions of the ecosystem to biospheric processes. On the basis of the author's experimental studies, an example is given of how to apply the proposed approach and the system of criteria to the analysis of concrete experimental data. To exemplify the efficiency of the proposed approach, it is shown how to use it to analyze new data on effects of a synthetic surfactant on water filtering by bivalves. It is concluded that the proposed approach will be helpful in better assessing environmental and ecological hazards from anthropogenic effects on biota, including effects of man-made chemicals polluting ecosystems.
当前被广泛接受的用于评估人造化学品（污染物）对环境和生态危害的标准体系容易受到批评。本文提出了一种新的概念，即关于评估人为影响所造成生态危害标准的方法体系。建议根据生物和生态系统中以下四个干扰级别来评估人为影响（包括污染物和异生物素的影响）对生物群的作用：（1）个体反应级别；（2）生物群体的综合反应级别；（3）生态系统的稳定性和完整性级别；（4）生态系统对生物圈过程的贡献级别。基于作者的实验研究，给出了一个如何将所提出的方法和标准体系应用于具体实验数据分析的示例。为了例证所提方法的有效性，展示了如何用它来分析关于合成表面活性剂对双壳贝类滤水影响的新数据。得出的结论是，所提出的方法将有助于更好地评估人为因素对生物群造成的环境和生态危害，包括污染生态系统的人造化学品的影响。
