Manfredini F, Carrabre J E, Litmanen H, Zhukovskaja L, Malagoni A M, Dal Follo D, Haberstroh J
International Biathlon Union-Medical Committee.
Int J Sports Med. 2003 Jul;24(5):352-8. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-40704.
In recent years, some international sports federations have introduced blood testing procedures that can lead to suspension from competition for athletes whose haematologic values exceed certain established limits. In 1994 the International Biathlon Union initiated a three-phase blood testing program to safeguard athletes' health and ensure fair competition. The first phase, lasting three years, was aimed at measuring the haematocrit values of biathletes in order to determine statistically acceptable limits for participation in competition. The second phase, lasting four years, consisted of pre-race testing for an increasing number of athletes and suspension from competition for those whose haematocrit values exceeded 52 % for males and 48 % for females. The results of this second phase (third phase now in progress) are reported. Progressive increases have been made in the numbers of countries examined, athletes tested, and tests performed. This retrospective study reveals a reassuring trend in average values for haematocrit and haemoglobin in the entire study population, a minimal number of athletes with excessive values and a consequent low risk of false positive results, an acceptable incidence of relatively high values (50 % for males and 45 % for females), and constant non-elevated haematological profiles for elite athletes. The variability in individual haematocrit levels among all biathletes with a minimum of four observations during the four-year period is also evaluated and discussed.
近年来，一些国际体育联合会采用了血液检测程序，对于血液学指标值超过特定既定限制的运动员，可能导致其被禁赛。1994年，国际冬季两项联盟启动了一项分三个阶段的血液检测计划，以保障运动员健康并确保公平竞争。第一阶段为期三年，旨在测量冬季两项运动员的血细胞比容值，以便从统计学上确定参赛的可接受限度。第二阶段为期四年，包括对越来越多的运动员进行赛前检测，对于血细胞比容值男性超过52%、女性超过48%的运动员予以禁赛。本文报告了第二阶段（目前第三阶段正在进行）的结果。接受检测的国家数量、接受检测的运动员数量以及检测次数均逐步增加。这项回顾性研究揭示了整个研究人群中血细胞比容和血红蛋白平均值的令人安心的趋势，血细胞比容值过高的运动员数量极少，因此假阳性结果的风险较低，相对较高值（男性为50%，女性为45%）的发生率可接受，以及精英运动员的血液学指标持续未升高。还对在四年期间至少有四次观察结果的所有冬季两项运动员个体血细胞比容水平的变异性进行了评估和讨论。
