Lacey Lawrence A, Unruh Thomas R, Headrick Heather L
USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA.
J Invertebr Pathol. 2003 Jul;83(3):230-9. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2011(03)00102-2.
Simultaneous use of parasitoids and entomopathogenic nematodes for codling moth (CM) control could produce an antagonistic interaction between the two groups resulting in death of the parasitoid larvae. Two ectoparasitic ichneumonid species, Mastrus ridibundus and Liotryphon caudatus, imported for classical biological control of cocooned CM larvae were studied regarding their interactions with Steinernema carpocapsae. Exposure of M. ridibundus and L. caudatus developing larvae to infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae (10 IJs/cm2; approximately LC(80-90) for CM larvae) within CM cocoons resulted in 70.7 and 85.2% mortality, respectively. However, diapausing full grown parasitoid larvae were almost completely protected from nematode penetration within their own tightly woven cocoons. M. ridibundus and L. caudatus females were able to detect and avoid ovipositing on nematode-infected cocooned CM moth larvae as early as 12h after treatment of the host with IJs. When given the choice between cardboard substrates containing untreated cocooned CM larvae and those treated with an approximate LC95 of S. carpocapsae IJs (25 IJs/cm2) 12, 24, or 48h earlier, ovipositing parasitoids demonstrated a significant preference for untreated larvae. The ability of these parasitoids to avoid nematode-treated larvae and to seek out and kill cocooned CM larvae that survive nematode treatments enhances the complementarity of entomopathogenic nematodes and M. ridibundus and L. caudatus.
同时使用寄生蜂和昆虫病原线虫来防治苹果蠹蛾（CM）可能会导致两组生物之间产生拮抗作用，从而导致寄生蜂幼虫死亡。为了对结茧的苹果蠹蛾幼虫进行经典生物防治而引进的两种外寄生姬蜂，即红胸马氏姬蜂（Mastrus ridibundus）和尾状利奥姬蜂（Liotryphon caudatus），对它们与小卷蛾斯氏线虫（Steinernema carpocapsae）的相互作用进行了研究。将红胸马氏姬蜂和尾状利奥姬蜂的发育幼虫置于苹果蠹蛾茧内，使其接触小卷蛾斯氏线虫的感染性幼虫（IJs）（10条IJs/cm²；对苹果蠹蛾幼虫而言约为LC(80 - 90)），结果死亡率分别为70.7%和85.2%。然而，处于滞育状态的成熟寄生蜂幼虫在其紧密编织的茧内几乎完全受到保护，免受线虫侵入。红胸马氏姬蜂和尾状利奥姬蜂的雌蜂能够早在用IJs处理宿主12小时后就检测并避免在被线虫感染的结茧苹果蠹蛾幼虫上产卵。当在含有未处理的结茧苹果蠹蛾幼虫的纸板基质和12、24或48小时前用近似LC95的小卷蛾斯氏线虫IJs（25条IJs/cm²）处理过的纸板基质之间进行选择时，产卵的寄生蜂表现出对未处理幼虫的显著偏好。这些寄生蜂避免线虫处理过的幼虫并寻找并杀死线虫处理后存活的结茧苹果蠹蛾幼虫的能力增强了昆虫病原线虫与红胸马氏姬蜂和尾状利奥姬蜂之间的互补性。
