Herzog Erica L, Chai Li, Krause Diane S
Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Blood. 2003 Nov 15;102(10):3483-93. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1664. Epub 2003 Jul 31.
Bone marrow (BM) contains hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which differentiate into every type of mature blood cell; endothelial cell progenitors; and marrow stromal cells, also called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can differentiate into mature cells of multiple mesenchymal tissues including fat, bone, and cartilage. Recent findings indicate that adult BM also contains cells that can differentiate into additional mature, nonhematopoietic cells of multiple tissues including epithelial cells of the liver, kidney, lung, skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and myocytes of heart and skeletal muscle. Experimental results obtained in vitro and in vivo are the subject of this review. The emphasis is on how these experiments were performed and under what conditions differentiation from bone marrow to epithelial and neural cells occurs. Questions arise regarding whether tissue injury is necessary for this differentiation and the mechanisms by which it occurs. We also consider which bone marrow subpopulations are capable of this differentiation. Only after we have a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and of the cells required for this differentiation will we be able to fully harness adult stem cell plasticity for clinical purposes.
骨髓（BM）含有造血干细胞（HSC），可分化为各种类型的成熟血细胞；内皮细胞祖细胞；以及骨髓基质细胞，也称为间充质干细胞（MSC），可分化为多种间充质组织的成熟细胞，包括脂肪、骨骼和软骨。最近的研究结果表明，成人骨髓还含有能够分化为多种组织中其他成熟非造血细胞的细胞，包括肝脏、肾脏、肺、皮肤、胃肠道（GI）道的上皮细胞以及心脏和骨骼肌的肌细胞。本文综述了在体外和体内获得的实验结果。重点在于这些实验是如何进行的以及在何种条件下发生从骨髓到上皮细胞和神经细胞的分化。关于这种分化是否需要组织损伤以及其发生机制的问题随之而来。我们还考虑了哪些骨髓亚群能够进行这种分化。只有在我们更好地理解了其中涉及的机制以及这种分化所需的细胞之后，我们才能充分利用成体干细胞可塑性用于临床目的。
