Nosocomial infections and risk factors in intensive care units.

The present study was performed to describe the incidence and risk factors for nosocomial infections (NIs) in the intensive care units of a University hospital. From January to July 2002, 454 patients from Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Unit (MICU and SICU) were observed in the active, targeted, prospective surveillance study. Risk factors for NIs were found by logistic regression analysis. Two hundred and eighteen NIs were recorded in 149 of 454 screened patients. The overall incidence rate was calculated as 33% in the ICUs. The incidence was 39% in MICU and 29% in SICU. The most frequent nosocomial infection observed in MICU, and SICU was pneumonia (42%), and surgical wound infection (31%), respectively. Extrinsic risk factors were urinary catheter, mechanical ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, entubation, antimicrobial treatment prior to the NI, nasogastric cathater and central catheter. The highest intrinsic risk factor was unconsciousness in MICU, respiratory failure in SICU. This high NI rates may be reduced by timely feedback of data for infection control activities. The recognition of risk factors for NIs is an important tool for the identification and development of interventions to minimize such risks in the ICU's.