Perspectives on complement in xenotransplantation.

The crucial role of complement and naturally occurring anti-Gal antibodies in hyperacute rejection of pig transplants to Old World monkeys, apes and humans is well established. This rejection can be prevented by manipulating either system. Although cells, tissues or organs from pigs made transgenic for human complement regulatory proteins escape hyperacute rejection, there is an increasing evidence of a role for complement also in the subsequent acute vascular or delayed xenograft rejection. Furthermore, complement contributes in a general manner to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), irrespective of the organ source. Early complement-mediated endothelial cell activation, although not sufficient to induce hyperacute rejection, may contribute to reduced long-time graft performance. Control of fluid-phase complement activation by soluble complement inhibitors might be an important adjuvant to transgenic organs from the time of organ harvesting through the first post-transplant period. Pharmacologic manipulation of complement is a field in expansion, though still in its infancy. Although an optimal transgenic and cloned pig may be close to reality, the role of complement in xenotransplantation needs to be fully elucidated and a treatment regimen for fluid-phase inhibition is warranted. The story of complement in xenotransplantation is not completed but under continuous revision.