Role of central cholinergic receptor sub-types in spatial working memory: a five-arm maze task in mice provides evidence for a functional role of nicotinic receptors in mediating trace access processes.

A delayed-matching spatial working memory protocol in a 5-arm maze was used to test the hypothesis of differential roles for central nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in mediating task performance. In experiment 1, using a within subjects-repeated design, groups of C57Bl/6 mice, previously trained to criterion with a 4 h retention interval separating presentation and test phases, received i.p. injections of either saline, scopolamine (0.8 mg/kg), mecamylamine (8.0 mg/kg), or the combination of scopolamine and mecamylamine before re-testing. Injections were given either, a) 15 min pre-presentation or, b) 30 s, c) 15 min, d) 3 h 45 min post-presentation in order to differentially affect the acquisition, trace maintenance and recall phases. Significant decreases in correct responses were observed for each drug treatment but the effects were a function of the time of treatment. Results of condition d), (i.e.15 min before retention test) confirm previous reports of severe disruption by each antagonist and their combination on retention. However, conditions a-c) show a constant disruption by scopolamine, increasing disruption by mecamylamine, whereas the combined treatment was without effect. Although the data show that central nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists both modulate working memory performance, they indicate first, that scopolamine-induced "amnesia" results, not from selective post-synaptic M1 muscarinic blockade but from indirect over-activation of nicotinic receptors. Second, the observation of high levels of retention although nicotinic and muscarinic receptors had undergone combined blockade during a large part of the retention interval is incompatible with the concept that test-induced activation of central cholinergic neurones mediates memory trace maintenance. Finally, taken with data from experiment 2, using a short (20 min) treatment-to-test interval, we conclude that central nicotinic receptors play a key role in attentional processes enabling working memory trace access during retrieval.