Tan Uner, Okuyan Mukadder, Albayrak Tugba, Akgun Ahmet
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
Percept Mot Skills. 2003 Jun;96(3 Pt 2):1347-60. doi: 10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1347.
Sex differences in verbal and nonverbal abilities were reconsidered in relation to bodily measures and sex hormones in Turkish university students. Perceptual-verbal ability was evaluated using As Test. To assess the nonverbal abilities, the mental rotation test and Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test were used. As expected, the 53 women performed better than men on the As Test; 79 men had a higher mean than the 53 women on the mental rotation task; there was no sex difference on Cattell's IQ Test. Cattell IQs correlated only with tidal volume of lungs. Scores on the As Test did not show significant correlations with body size and lung capacities. Mental rotation was significantly correlated with height, weight, and lung volume. With covariates of height, weight, and vital capacity, sex differences in mental rotation completely disappeared, but the difference on the As Test increased while Cattell IQ remained sex-neutral. With testosterone as covariate, the sex difference on the As test increased but on the mental rotation task disappeared; Cattell IQ was sex-neutral. With covariates of estradiol and progesterone, sex differences on the As test disappeared; mental rotation scores and Cattell IQ were not influenced. Under a combined covariation of height, weight, and testosterone, sex differences in mental rotation reversed, women scoring better than men; after adding estradiol or progesterone instead of testosterone to this model, sex differences on mental rotation completely disappeared, but verbal ability and Cattell IQ were not changed. These results suggest that Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test is unique in resistance to sex differences; perceptual-verbal ability was the most sex-specific mental trait but with dependence on estradiol; mental rotation, on the contrary, was least sex-specific, depending on body size, lung volume, sex hormones, and their combined actions, which explains women's better performance.
土耳其大学生的语言和非语言能力的性别差异与身体测量指标及性激素之间的关系被重新审视。使用阿斯测试评估感知语言能力。为评估非语言能力，采用了心理旋转测试和卡特尔文化公平智力测试。正如预期的那样，53名女性在阿斯测试中的表现优于男性；在心理旋转任务中，79名男性的平均得分高于53名女性；在卡特尔智商测试中没有性别差异。卡特尔智商仅与肺潮气量相关。阿斯测试的分数与体型和肺容量没有显著相关性。心理旋转与身高、体重和肺容量显著相关。在考虑身高、体重和肺活量作为协变量后，心理旋转的性别差异完全消失，但阿斯测试的差异增大，而卡特尔智商仍无性别差异。以睾酮作为协变量时，阿斯测试的性别差异增大，但心理旋转任务的性别差异消失；卡特尔智商无性别差异。以雌二醇和孕酮作为协变量时，阿斯测试的性别差异消失；心理旋转分数和卡特尔智商不受影响。在身高、体重和睾酮的联合协变量作用下，心理旋转的性别差异发生逆转，女性得分高于男性；在该模型中加入雌二醇或孕酮而非睾酮后，心理旋转的性别差异完全消失，但语言能力和卡特尔智商没有变化。这些结果表明，卡特尔文化公平智力测试在抵抗性别差异方面具有独特性；感知语言能力是最具性别特异性的心理特质，但依赖于雌二醇；相反，心理旋转的性别特异性最小，取决于体型、肺容量、性激素及其联合作用，这解释了女性更好的表现。
