McDaniel Reuben R, Jordan Michelle E, Fleeman Brigitte F
McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
Health Care Manage Rev. 2003 Jul-Sep;28(3):266-78. doi: 10.1097/00004010-200307000-00008.
Surprise can emanate from two sources: lack of sufficient information or knowledge and the basic dynamics of complex adaptive systems. The authors expand the traditional view of surprise with a complexity perspective that makes it possible to ask new questions and to consider new ways of understanding the world around us. They discuss creativity and learning as two strategies for capitalizing on the surprises that confront organizations.
信息或知识不足以及复杂适应系统的基本动态。作者从复杂性视角拓展了对惊喜的传统看法，这使得提出新问题以及思考理解我们周围世界的新方式成为可能。他们将创造力和学习视为利用组织所面临的惊喜的两种策略。
