Structure and distribution of the lymphatic vessels in the parietal pleura of the monkey as studied by enzyme-histochemistry and by light and electron microscopy.

The entire distribution of lymphatics in whole mount preparations of the Japanese monkey was studied using the enzyme-histochemical technique reported by KATO et al. (1990, 1991). In this staining, the lymphatic endothelium was colored dark brown by its positive 5'-nucleotidase activity, while most blood vessels (especially arterioles) were colored blue due to their positive alkaline phosphatase reaction. The whole mount preparations of the pleura treated enzyme-histochemically clearly indicated the distribution, branching patterns and running courses of lymphatic vessels. They revealed numerous short blind-ending knobs which represented the initial portions of lymphatics. These knobs were seen near the surface of the parietal pleura along its entire extent. In the costal and diaphragmatic pleura, the lymphatics ran parallel to the intercostal muscle fibers, but perpendicular to the tendinous and muscular fibers of the diaphragm; they formed ladders, independent of the courses of blood vessels. In the mediastinal pleura, lymphatic vessels showed a tree-like branching accompanying blood vessels. Under the light microscope, toluidine-blue stained semithin sections revealed the initial part of lymphatics as a small irregularly outlined cavity (7-10 microns in diameter) surrounded by a dense connective tissue. This lymphatic dilation was sometimes located close to a thin mesothelial layer. Such a structure suggesting a "stoma" was seen near the attachment of the muscular diaphragm to the sternum and along the borders of the ribs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an occasional interruption in the mesothelium. This stoma continued to a submesothelial cavity whose base comprised an attenuated endothelium of an extended lymphatic vessel.