Molecular approaches for the analysis of chromogranins and secretogranins.

Recent molecular analyses have contributed to our knowledge about the chromogranin/secretogranin (Cg/Sg) family and their utility in diagnostic pathology. The genes for five of these proteins have been cloned, and the deduced amino acid sequences have provided insights into the structure and possible functions of the Cgs/Sgs, including their role as prohormones. Northern hybridization and in situ hybridization histochemistry have provided a great deal of information about the tissue distribution of the Cg/Sg gene products. Some neoplasms such as small cell lung carcinomas, which have little stored Cg/Sg protein, have abundant cytoplasmic mRNAs that can be readily detected by hybridization studies. Some other neoplasms such as neuroblastomas have decreased CgA and increased SgII mRNAs during maturation to ganglioneuromas. There is also a differential expression of Cgs/Sgs in some endocrine neoplasms such as parathyroid adenomas, which express abundant CgA mRNA and little CgB mRNA, and in pituitary prolactinomas, which express CgB mRNA but not CgA mRNA. The mRNA for CgA has been found unexpectedly in some neoplasms such as 15% of colonic adenocarcinomas. Thus, molecular approaches in the analysis of Cgs/Sgs should contribute to the diagnosis of endocrine neoplasms and may provide support for a molecular classification of neoplasms in diagnostic pathology.