Antoszewska A, Wolański N
Department of Human Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa.
Stud Hum Ecol. 1992;10:23-38.
A total of 1034 newborns were used to analyze sexual dimorphism with respect to 37 somatic traits and ratios between them, describing body shape. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated for both sexes. Similarly, sexual dimorphism of adults was analyzed. Sexual differences in newborns were statistically significant for most measurements but only for some body proportions (relative chest size, foot shape, relative lower extremity length, and the ratio of head to chest circumference). The highest degree of sexual dimorphism in newborns was shown by the index standardized on the mean (dsex/mean) of such traits as the thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue on the thigh, subscapular fat tissue and fat tissue on the 10th rib, body weight, hand breadth, and relative chest size (Marty index). A moderate dimorphism was found for the length of upper extremities, forearm with the hand, head with the neck, hand and trunk, the size of the nose and foot, the breadth of hips and mandible, and the upper-face height. A low dimorphism was found for body length, circumference and breadth of head, face diameter, chest circumference, foot shape, relative length of lower extremities, and proportion between head and chest circumferences. Sexual differences (dsex/mean) for all the somatic traits examined in adults were statistically significant. The dimorphism of all the traits (except hip breadth) was higher in adults than in newborns. The highest increase in sexual dimorphism was noted for chest breadth (ca 55 times), then for chest depth (ca 17 times), thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue on arm (ca. 17 times), and the length of lower extremities (ca 15 times). Sexual differences in proportions (shape) of the body were also better pronounced in adults than in newborns. Sexual dimorphism standardized for dispersion (dsex/SD) in newborns differed from that in adults with respect to the degree of its expression and the sequence of the traits showing the highest and the lowest levels of dimorphism. This results from intra-group variation of different traits.
共有1034名新生儿被用于分析37种身体特征及其之间的比例的性别差异，这些特征用于描述体型。计算了两性的算术平均值和标准差。同样，对成年人的性别差异进行了分析。新生儿的大多数测量指标在性别上具有统计学意义，但仅在某些身体比例上（相对胸围、足形、相对下肢长度以及头围与胸围之比）存在性别差异。新生儿中性别差异程度最高的指标是根据大腿皮下脂肪组织厚度、肩胛下脂肪组织、第10肋脂肪组织、体重、手宽和相对胸围（马蒂指数）等特征的均值标准化的指数（dsex/mean）。上肢长度、连手前臂、连颈头部、手与躯干、鼻子和脚的大小、臀部和下颌骨的宽度以及上脸高度存在中等程度的性别差异。身长、头围和头宽、面部直径、胸围、足形、下肢相对长度以及头围与胸围之间的比例存在低程度的性别差异。在成年人中，所检查的所有身体特征的性别差异（dsex/mean）均具有统计学意义。除臀宽外，所有特征在成年人中的性别差异均高于新生儿。性别差异增加最多的是胸宽（约55倍），其次是胸深（约17倍）、手臂皮下脂肪组织厚度（约17倍）和下肢长度（约15倍）。身体比例（形状）的性别差异在成年人中也比新生儿中更明显。新生儿中根据离散度标准化的性别差异（dsex/SD）在表达程度以及显示最高和最低性别差异水平的特征顺序方面与成年人不同。这是由于不同特征的组内变异所致。
