NORMAN D, MENOZZI P, REID D, LESTER G, HECHTER O
J Gen Physiol. 1959 Jul 20;42(6):1277-99. doi: 10.1085/jgp.42.6.1277.
Insulin action upon sugar permeability has been examined in rat diaphragm muscle prepared so that the fibers are either intact or cut. In intact preparations, sucrose and mannitol are largely excluded from the intracellular water while D-galactose, D-xylose, and L-xylose equilibrate in a small fraction of the total cell water; the availability of cell water for D-galactose, D-xylose, and L-xylose is increased by insulin. In cut preparations, in which the cell membrane is not intact, all the sugars studied penetrate into the cell, but intracellular water is not uniformly available for subsequent permeation. Sucrose distributes in a volume of about 40 to 45 per cent of the available cell water; D-xylose, D-galactose, L-xylose, and mannitol are distributed in all or most of the cell water, but these sugars diffuse at different rates. In cut preparations insulin increases the rate of equilibration of D-galactose and D-xylose without significant effect on the other sugars studied; insulin also exerts a "directive" influence on glycogen synthesis from glucose, which cannot be explained solely in terms of accelerated sugar penetration. The significance of these observations in elucidating the locus of insulin action is discussed.
已在制备好的大鼠膈肌中研究了胰岛素对糖通透性的作用，制备的膈肌纤维要么完整要么被切断。在完整的标本中，蔗糖和甘露醇大部分被排除在细胞内水之外，而D - 半乳糖、D - 木糖和L - 木糖在总细胞水的一小部分中达到平衡；胰岛素可增加细胞水对D - 半乳糖、D - 木糖和L - 木糖的可利用性。在细胞膜不完整的切断标本中，所有研究的糖都能进入细胞，但细胞内水对于后续的渗透并非均匀可用。蔗糖分布在约40%至45%的可用细胞水体积中；D - 木糖、D - 半乳糖、L - 木糖和甘露醇分布在全部或大部分细胞水中，但这些糖的扩散速率不同。在切断标本中，胰岛素增加了D - 半乳糖和D - 木糖的平衡速率，而对其他研究的糖没有显著影响；胰岛素还对由葡萄糖合成糖原产生“定向”影响，这不能仅用加速糖渗透来解释。讨论了这些观察结果在阐明胰岛素作用位点方面的意义。
