Fermentation monitoring.

Fermentation monitoring continues to be the focus of much research. Over the last year, important strides were made in improving bioprocess monitoring using NADH fluorescence, viscosity, affinity techniques, enzyme and microbial sensors, calorimetry, flow injection analysis and bioluminescence. Better fermentation monitoring is important for improving understanding, operation, development and control of the process. We expect progress in these areas of research to continue. In addition, we highlight some non-conventional approaches.