Sousa Cláudia, Okamoto Sanae, Matsuzawa Tetsuro
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
Anim Cogn. 2003 Dec;6(4):259-67. doi: 10.1007/s10071-003-0186-7. Epub 2003 Sep 11.
We investigated the behavioural and cognitive development of a captive male infant chimpanzee, Ayumu, raised by his mother, Ai. Here we report Ayumu's achievements up to the age of 2 years and 3 months, in the context of complex computer-controlled tasks. From soon after birth, Ayumu had been present during an experiment performed by his mother. The task consisted of two phases, a matching-to-sample task in which she received token rewards, and the insertion of these tokens into a vending machine to obtain food rewards. Ayumu himself received no reward or encouragement from humans for any of the actions he exhibited during the experiment. At the age of 9 months and 3 weeks, Ayumu performed his first matching-to-sample trial. At around 1 year and 3 months, he began to perform them consistently. Also during this period, he frequently stole food rewards from his mother. At 2 years and 3 months, Ayumu succeeded for the first time in inserting a token into the vending machine. Once he had succeeded in using a token, he performed both phases of the task in sequence 20 times consecutively. The infant's behaviour was not shaped by food rewards but by a strong motivation to copy his mother's behaviour. Our observations of Ayumu thus mirror the learning processes shown by wild chimpanzees.
我们研究了一只圈养的雄性幼黑猩猩步（Ayumu）的行为和认知发展，它由母亲爱（Ai）抚养长大。在此，我们报告步在2岁3个月大时，在复杂的计算机控制任务中的成就。从出生后不久，步就在母亲进行的一项实验中在场。这项任务包括两个阶段，一个是样本匹配任务，在这个任务中它的母亲会得到代币奖励，以及将这些代币插入自动售货机以获得食物奖励。步在实验中表现出的任何行为都没有从人类那里得到奖励或鼓励。在9个月3周大时，步进行了他的第一次样本匹配试验。在大约1岁3个月时，他开始持续进行这些试验。同样在这个时期，他经常从母亲那里偷食物奖励。在2岁3个月时，步第一次成功地将一枚代币插入自动售货机。一旦他成功使用了一枚代币，他连续20次依次完成了任务的两个阶段。这只幼崽的行为不是由食物奖励塑造的，而是受到模仿母亲行为的强烈动机的影响。因此，我们对步的观察反映了野生黑猩猩所表现出的学习过程。
