Trinchieri A, Rovera F, Longo G, Del Nero A, Zanetti G, Austoni E
Clinica Urologica I dell'Università di Milano.
Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl. 1992 Mar;64(1):27-30.
Tumor markers are antigens which can be associated with certain malignancies. A variety of markers have been demonstrated in genitourinary tumors. The best known examples are human chorionic gonadotropin (bHCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for testicular tumors, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) for prostatic cancer. The plasma levels of these substances are influenced by the tumor mass and therefore by the tumor stage. Markedly elevated plasma levels can be demonstrated when metastases are present, although a few patients without metastases may elaborate abnormal amount of markers. The removal of the primary tumor leads to a fall to normal levels: a still increased level indicates residual primary tumor or the presence of metastases. Measurements of markers are also of value in estimating the effects of medical treatment and in detecting local or distant recurrences.
肿瘤标志物是可与某些恶性肿瘤相关联的抗原。在泌尿生殖系统肿瘤中已证实有多种标志物。最著名的例子是睾丸肿瘤中的人绒毛膜促性腺激素（bHCG）和甲胎蛋白（AFP），前列腺癌中的前列腺酸性磷酸酶（PAP）和前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）。这些物质的血浆水平受肿瘤块影响，因此也受肿瘤分期影响。当存在转移时，血浆水平可显著升高，尽管少数无转移的患者可能会产生异常量的标志物。切除原发肿瘤会导致水平降至正常：仍升高的水平表明存在残留的原发肿瘤或转移灶。标志物的检测在评估药物治疗效果以及检测局部或远处复发方面也有价值。
