Species diversity of neuronectin and cytotactin expression patterns in the vertebrate central nervous system.

Two extracellular matrix proteins of brain tissue, neuronectin (NEC1) and cytotactin (CT), are disulfide-bonded multimers of M(r) 180,000-250,000 subunits. The previously known distribution of these molecules is, however, very different. Human NEC1 is found throughout the white matter of rostral segments of the adult central nervous system (CNS) but not in rostral gray matter or in caudal CNS segments, including the cerebellum. In contrast, CT is absent or expressed at a low level in the adult chicken cerebrum but highly expressed in the cerebellum. Despite these differences in distribution, results obtained with antibodies that recognize NEC1 and CT in several vertebrate species indicate that these molecules are identical or at least closely related: (1) alpha NEC1 antibodies recognize proteins affinity-purified with CT-binding proteoglycan; (2) proteins recognized by alpha NEC1 and alpha CT antibodies in cells constitutively expressing the molecules, cells in which expression is induced by growth factors and phorbol ester and cells treated with tunicamycin (to block glycosylation) are identical in subunit composition and mobility on SDS gels; (3) the removal of NEC1 from culture supernatants by immunoprecipitation removes all molecules reactive with alpha CT antibodies and vice versa; (4) immunoblots of brain extracts with alpha NEC1 and alpha CT antibodies yield identical results. Having demonstrated the structural similarity between NEC1 and CT, we reexamined their distribution in the CNS. Surprisingly, the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of NEC1/CT varied greatly among species. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot experiments with adult human CNS tissues revealed significant levels of NEC1/CT in rostral but not caudal segments. In contrast, in cows and pigs the molecule is found throughout the CNS. Adult rat and mouse brains show regionally restricted expression of NEC1/CT in several areas of the cerebrum--distinct from those showing NEC1/CT in the human--and in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Tests with fetal and newborn tissues revealed that CNS development in humans, cows and pigs is not accompanied by the marked decline in NEC1/CT levels or the changes in subunit composition found in the chicken CNS. The marked species diversity in temporospatial expression patterns suggests that intrinsic and/or extrinsic elements controlling the expression of NEC1/CT have diverged during vertebrate evolution.