Neurophysiology in the science of speech.

Electrophysiological recordings of the muscles involved in speaking (respiratory, glottal, oromandibular) have been added to the acousticograms (ACGs) for analyzing the latency times in verbal reactions, their coordination and their patterns. The electromyogram (EMG) has allowed to better identify the preparatory initiation and the modulation of the muscular stiffness. Meaningful changes have been obtained in aging processes, stuttering, and several neurological diseases. Event-related brain potentials have also been investigated during normal speaking and reading.