Changes in population density and distribution of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in Wisconsin during the 1980s.

Changes in the density and distribution of Ixodes dammini, Spielman Clifford, Piesman & Corwin were assessed in Wisconsin by examining hunter-killed deer for ticks in 1981 and 1989. Deer examination sites were distributed widely across the state and included 23 sites in 1981 and 15 sites in 1989; 10 sites were visited both years. Between 1981 and 1989, I. dammini became more abundant throughout its range, and I. dammini range expanded into the southwestern portion of Wisconsin. I. dammini was not found in the eastern one-third of the state. When compared with 1981, the 1989 survey revealed significant increases in the proportion of infested deer in the southwest (Arena), higher levels of infestation of individual deer (number of ticks per individual deer) in the central west (Bangor-W. Salem), and significantly less disparity between the proportions of infested male deer and infested female deer in the north (Spooner) compared with sites farther south. These results are consistent with a pattern of I. dammini range expansion from north to south, followed by an increase in population density in the colonized areas. Dermacentor albipictus Packard was present throughout the range of I. dammini and at sites in the northeastern quadrant of Wisconsin where I. dammini was not found. The range of D. albipictus did not change between the survey years, but its population density increased significantly at sites in the north. There is no evidence for interaction between the two tick species that might affect tick distribution or population density, nor can the greater number of I. dammini found in 1989 be attributed to increased tick activity because of warmer weather; temperatures were cooler in 1989 than 1981.