厌恶控制的刺激因素：反应性电击的影响。
STIMULUS ASPECTS OF AVERSIVE CONTROLS: THE EFFECTS OF RESPONSE CONTINGENT SHOCK.
作者信息
HOFFMAN H S, FLESHLER M
出版信息
J Exp Anal Behav. 1965 Mar;8(2):89-96. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1965.8-89.
A tone ending with electrical shock was periodically presented to pigeons while they pecked a key for food. Pairs of birds were run simultaneously under a yoked program which insured that both birds received the same number and temporal distribution of shocks. For one of the birds, shock was always initiated by a peck; for the other, shock was unavoidable. Both procedures led to reduced rates of pecking in the presence of the tone, and gradients of stimulus generalization were obtained. But the effects of response contingent shock extinguished more rapidly than the effects of unavoidable shock. In general, birds exposed to unavoidable shock tended to respond at intermediate rates throughout tone, whereas those exposed to response contingent shock ceased to peck for part or all of the tone period.
当鸽子啄击按键获取食物时，会定期向它们呈现一个以电击结束的音调。成对的鸽子在一种关联程序下同时进行实验，该程序确保两只鸽子受到的电击次数和时间分布相同。对于其中一只鸽子，电击总是由啄击引发；对于另一只鸽子，电击是不可避免的。两种程序都导致在音调出现时啄击速率降低，并获得了刺激泛化梯度。但是，由反应引发的电击的影响比不可避免的电击的影响消退得更快。一般来说，遭受不可避免电击的鸽子在整个音调期间往往以中等速率做出反应，而那些遭受由反应引发电击的鸽子在音调持续的部分或全部时间内停止啄击。
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