Sex differences in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the guinea-pig before puberty.

The aim of the present research was to ascertain the presence of sex differences in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the guinea-pig, a long-gestation rodent which gives birth to mature young and whose brain is at a more advanced stage of maturation at birth than that of the rat and mouse. The brains of neonatal (15-16 days old) and prepubescent (45-46 days old) male and female guinea pigs were Golgi-Cox stained. Granule cells were sampled from the upper (suprapyramidal) and lower (infrapyramidal) blade of the septal dentate gyrus and their dendritic tree and soma were measured. The analysis was conducted separately on granule cells with soma in the superficial (superficial granule cells) and deep (deep granule cells) half of the granule cell layer. Numerous sex differences were found in the upper blade of the dentate gyrus. Neonatal males had more dendritic branches than females in the innermost dendritic tree of both superficial and deep granule cells, but females had more branches over the middle/outer dendritic tree and a longer dendritic length. In prepubescent animals, the sex difference in the middle dendritic tree of the superficial granule cells changed direction, with males having more branches than females. In the deep granule cells, the sex differences were similar to those in neonatal animals. In both granule cell types, the dendritic length was similar in the two sexes. While no sex differences were found in dendritic spine density in neonatal animals, in prepubescent animals spine density was greater in females. In the lower blade the granule cells showed very few sex differences in both neonatal and prepubescent animals. This study shows wide dynamically changing sex differences in the granule cells located in the upper blade of the septal dentate gyrus, but almost no differences in the lower blade. These results demonstrate that sex differences are not ubiquitous in the dentate gyrus and suggest that the lower blade, unlike the upper blade, might be involved in non-sexually dimorphic behaviors.