Scanning force microscopy in the applied biological sciences.

Fifteen years after its invention, the scanning force microscope (SFM) is rooted deep in the biological sciences. Here we discuss the use of SFM in biotechnology and biomedical research. The spectrum of applications reviewed includes imaging, force spectroscopy and mapping, as well as sensor applications. It is our hope that this review will be useful for researchers considering the use of SFM in their studies but are uncertain about its scope of capabilities. For the benefit of readers unfamiliar with SFM technology, the fundamentals of SFM imaging and force measurement are also briefly introduced.